11/12/2023 0 Comments Sas macroNOTE: The data set WORK.CARS_2 has 100 observations and 15 variables. NOTE: The data set WORK.CARS_1 has 100 observations and 15 variables. NOTE: There were 428 observations read from the data set SASHELP.CARS. ***MACRO SPLIT: Splitting into datasets of no more than 100 observations %split (SRC_DATASET=SASHELP.CARS, OUT_PREFIX=WORK.CARS, SPLIT_NUM= 100, SPLIT_DEF=NOBS ) ***MACRO SPLIT: Incorrect SPLIT_DEF=SET value. %split (SRC_DATASET=SASHELP.CARS, OUT_PREFIX=WORK.CARS, SPLIT_NUM= 100, SPLIT_DEF=SET ) The following are examples of the macro invocations: When (_n_ <= &K * &I ) output &OUT_PREFIX._&I * split source dataset into smaller datasets */ * generate list of smaller dataset names */ %if (&K le 0 ) or (&S le 0 ) %then %return * terminate macro if nothing to split */ Put "***MACRO SPLIT: Splitting into &SPLIT_NUM datasets" Įlse put "***MACRO SPLIT: Incorrect SPLIT_DEF=&SPLIT_DEF value. Put "***MACRO SPLIT: Splitting into datasets of no more than &SPLIT_NUM observations" Įlse if upcase ("&SPLIT_DEF" )='SETS' thenĬall symputx ('K',ceil (N/&SPLIT_NUM ) ) * number of observations &K, number of smaller datasets &S */Ĭall symputx ('S',ceil (N/&SPLIT_NUM ) ) * SPLIT_DEF - split definition (=SETS or =NOBS ) */ * OUT_PREFIX - prefix of the output data sets */ * SRC_DATASET - name of the source data set */ %macro split (SRC_DATASET=, OUT_PREFIX=, SPLIT_NUM=, SPLIT_DEF= ) Parameter’s SPLIT_DEF value defines the type of scenario (SPLIT_DEF=NOBS means that the source data set is split into several smaller data sets with the number of observations not to exceed SPLIT_NUM value SPLIT_DEF=SETS means that the source data set is split into SPLIT_NUM=value of smaller data sets). Similarly, with the scenario 2, we will split the source data set into several smaller data sets of the same size, but the last smaller data set will have the number of observations equal to the remainder of the division N by K.īelow is a SAS macro code that covers both these scenarios. Therefore, we will split it into several smaller data sets of K observations each, but the last smaller data set will have the number of observations equal to the remainder of the division N by K. Ideally, we would like to split a data set into K observations each, but it is not always possible to do as the quotient of dividing the number of observations in the original dataset N by K is not always going to be a whole number.
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11/11/2023 0 Comments Giant manta ray sizeThe manta, unlike other rays, does not have a spine on its tail for defense. The wingspan of a manta can reach 20 or more feet across and they weigh as much as 3,000 pounds. Their feeding and diving behavior creates a valuable ecological connection between the surface ocean and the deep sea.The manta ray is striking in its appearance with its black and white coloration and enormous size. Manta rays control plankton abundance and diversity and regulate nutrient cycling. They are capable of learning, remembering, and even recognizing themselves in the mirror. Giant manta rays have the biggest brains of any fish. The model also allows for more effective timing and coordination of conservation efforts, like outreach to reduce recreational fisheries bycatch and vessel collisions. This helps managers assess the likelihood and potential exposure and harm caused by human activities (i.e., oil and gas exploration, construction activities, dredging, etc.). Model predictions provide managers with a better understanding of what causes manta rays to move and how they use their habitat. The team’s findings will allow resource managers to more effectively protect manta rays from threats including: Helping Managers Protect Manta Rays-and the Ecosystem In the Gulf of Mexico, the highest nearshore occurrence was predicted around the Mississippi River delta from April to June and again from October to November. As temperatures cool from November to March, manta rays are more prevalent south of Savannah, Georgia.As temperatures warm from June to October, the distribution of manta rays extends northward along the shelf-edge, with higher occurrences north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.The highest nearshore occurrence off tends to be off northeastern Florida during April.This model predicts where manta rays are most likely to occur, based on sea surface temperature, water depth, and productivity as inferred from thermal fronts and Chlorophyll-a concentration.īased on the model's predictions, we have improved insights on where, when, and how many mantas are likely to occur in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico waters: The study team controlled for aerial survey effort and environmental factors affecting the ability to see manta rays to develop the model. The team developed a species distribution model to predict where manta rays are most likely to occur based on a number of environmental factors. Sightings were heavily biased to where more people are on or near the water. They came from decades of aerial surveys, social media posts, scientific publications, and direct reports to NOAA’s manta sightings email account. The study team identified more than 5,000 verified sightings of giant manta rays. The 4-year study found these large rays consistently occur in warm, productive coastal and shelf-edge waters off the eastern United States and within the Gulf of Mexico. In a new study published in Nature’s Scientific Reports, NOAA scientists and partners describe the annual and seasonal changes in manta ray distribution, as revealed by aerial surveys. They are highly mobile-they move quite a bit and need protection in areas both where they travel and where they live. The species is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The giant manta ray is a filter feeder with a wing span of up to 29 feet. But then you realize the world’s largest ray is harmless and just looking for its next meal: tiny zooplankton. When you see a big, dark shadow with wings glide by you in the water, your first reaction might be one of fear due to the enormous size. The happy ending here is that when she went to sweep my membranes, she. Strolled into my checkup at 40w+3 and was still 4cm/80. At 39w+3, I was 4cm/80 and my OB did another sweep, and was sure I'd go into labour. Take note of how much fluid you experienced and any secondary symptoms (contractions, pain, bleeding) you have. At 38w+3, I was 3cm/70 and my OB did a membrane sweep. It’s important to call your doctor if you suspect your waters have broken. At our doctor appointment yesterday (2/4) she performed a membrane sweep, and said my wife was 3cm dilated and 70 effaced. Had mine swept last Friday at 39+1 at 1cm and 60 effaced. My dr plans on doing a membrane sweep on Tuesday at my 38 week appointment. The liquid is typically clear and odorless. I was 37 weeks yesterday at my appointment and 1 cm dilated 50 effaced. was 5. I had my first sweep on friday, I was dilated 2cm and I had my second sweep yesterday, he said I was almost 3cm. If this happens, you may experience a large gush, or a trickle of fluid. Membrane sweep 4-5cm dilated: So Im 40+2 days today FTM & decided to get a membrane sweep done today & my midwife says Im 4-5 cm dilated. One of the more classic labor signs is your water breaking. The cervix can be dilated to 1 centimeter for weeks before the beginning of labor. You may also feel contractions start in your back and wrap around your abdomen. membrane sweep improves significantly after thirty-seven weeks. If they grow stronger, longer, and closer together and are accompanied by cramping, it’s a good idea to let your doctor know what’s going on. (40 weeks on the 11th with my first was 4 cm dilated and 90 effaced Thursday the 2nd at my apt, to doc’s surprise and mine No contractions) Been doing 6 dates in a delicious smoothie 6 dates, 5 chocolate covered almonds (LOL), chocolate milk, chia seeds, cinnamon, frozen coconut milk cube, teaspoon of coconut oil. However, if you are just 1 to 2 centimeters dilated, or below 50 percent effaced, it could still be days or weeks before labor actually starts. Usually, if these contractions are infrequent and painless, they’re practice contractions. Time if they’re coming randomly, or in regular intervals (every 5, 10, or 12 minutes, for example). Bled after that, had sex the next night, lost my mucus plug then went into labour the next day. The key is to time whatever tightening you’re feeling. With DS I was 1 cm and has my membranes stripped. If you feel your belly tighten and release, you may be experiencing practice contractions (Braxton-Hicks), or the real deal. Labor may happen the day you see your mucous plug, or several days later. The color can range from clear, to pink, to blood-tinged. You may notice mucus on your underwear when you use the restroom. makaylaclassen, update: been having contractions coming and going inconsistently, lost mucus plug + bloody show. Tuesday night i was up all night vomiting. 38 weeks today, almost 2cm 50 effaced, had a sweep this morning at 0900, had cramping and spotting just started. I was sent to L&D on Tuesday, reduced fetal movement, 4cm and 80 effaced, regular contractions (painless) and sent home after an hour. As your cervix begins to dilate, bits and pieces of the plug may start to fall out. But still 4 cm I would guess you will have baby soon Good luck Like. Your cervix protects your baby during pregnancy, and this includes your mucous plug. Lightening may happen in the weeks, days, or hours before you go into labor. It describes when your baby starts to settle lower in your pelvis to prepare for delivery. You may have heard that your baby will drop close to your due date. Fortunately, there are other signs you can look out for that might indicate your baby is on their way into the world. Brought up to a birthing room, started pushing the second I got on to the bed and after a few mins my daughter was born at 3:40am.Being 1 centimeter dilated doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll go into labor today, tomorrow, or even a week from now - even if you’re close to your due date. Waited forever in triage, was told I was at 7cm and dilating quickly. Signed into triage waiting room at 2:40am. Hung around at home for a bit, even though my contractions were on top of eachother right off the bat lol husband finally insisted we go to the hospital. I started getting contractions a bit later, and started timing them at 1:55am. because a bit after 1:30am that night/morning my water broke with absolutely 0 signs of labor leading up to it. Well, now I know those cervical checks mean absolutely nothing when trying to determine when you'll go into labor lol. I was 0% effaced and only 1 cm dilated, and was told my cervix was not favorable and I'd need to schedule a nighttime induction so they could give me prostaglandin gel to even get my cervix ready for induction. Had a stretch and sweep a few hours ago and doctor said I was 3 cm dilated. Had a late afternoon obgyn appt at 40w1d, where they did my first cervical check. The 1 app for tracking pregnancy and baby growth. 11/11/2023 0 Comments Mortal kombat flawless victory sceneThose looking to dive into the lore can go for the story mode, a glossy Hollywood-style affair that lets you play as several characters and introduces classic versions of key fighters thanks to some time-travelling hijinx. One of them is unlocked for free as you play, not that the game is in a rush to tell you that. It was disappointing to see that, upon starting the game, two of the characters are locked behind a paywall. The collection of robots, ninjas, monsters, monks and gods each have laughably extensive backstories at this point, but they also have new cool designs and bespoke personalities you can appreciate just by looking at them and hearing them interact with each other pre-fight. But activating it triggers a long, non-interactive scene of violence where your opponent might be shot in the face, stabbed multiple times through the heart or be completely crushed, only to get up and continue fighting straight after.īut while the violence may not be the draw it once was, the cast of characters here is arguably stronger than ever. You can only use this powerful attack once per match, and only when your health is low, which makes it a very strategic element of the game. The mid-fight "fatal blow" is a good example. And yet, whether it's my getting older or the games getting more graphically realistic, I find a lot of this stuff more silly (or, at times, boring) than shocking at this point. It helps that some techniques (like throws, uppercuts and leg sweeps) are universal, and if all else fails the old methods still apply: learn the fun and satisfying special moves (like Sub-Zero's Ice Ball or Johnny Cage's Shadow Kick) and go from there.Īs expected this is a game absolutely dripping with gore, from visibly bone-breaking X-ray attacks and throws to flesh-eating special moves right through to the torturous, cringe-worthy spectacle of the "Fatality" finishers. Raiden is back in Mortal Kombat 11, just as electrifying in battle as he is wooden outside of it.Ĭasual players may find the going a bit tough, since stringing together kicks and punches before you've worked out a character's combos can be cumbersome, but in most cases the basics of each fighter are easy to learn, and the step-by-step tutorial mode is brilliant. It’s Apple’s ability to create an emotional connection between customers and the brand that has helped make them into such a powerful force, and their logo is a huge part of the experience. Their branding focuses on how your experience with Apple makes you feel by unleashing your imagination, embracing innovation, enabling you to chase your hopes and dreams and aspire to great things. Whether it’s one of their fun commercials or sophisticated retail stores that provide a unique shopping experience, all of Apple’s branding helps to tell the same story-consistently pushing these associations. It’s sleek, it’s stylish, it’s modern, and you, as the customer, will achieve that same level of cool when you use their products. As you can see above, the Apple logo started as a detailed drawing, but throughout the years, it has transformed into a flat, simple, and elegant design that perfectly represents the brand.Īnd finally, Apple’s overall branding efforts reinforce a specific set of emotions and powerful associations, which are invoked when you see the logo. Next is the intelligent evolution of the design. What does it look like The symbol The Tree of Life represents a large, centuries-old tree with roots and branches closed in a circle. It is a popular shape in tattoos, tapestries, and paintings, but its most precise shapes can be found in jewelry design. Over time, the pairing of the logo and brand name makes it easier for the public to recognize the Apple logo and immediately connect it to the representation of the company. Nowadays, you can find the Tree of Life symbol in all kinds of objects. Every time consumers hear the name “Apple,” it gets reinforced in their minds by the visual cue of the logo design, and vice versa. What is it about Apple’s logo that makes it so effective?įor starters, the logo represents the company’s name, which helps to boost brand recognition. 11/11/2023 0 Comments Google print cloud printerYour product is now linked to your Google Account and can be accessed from any Chromebook, computer, Apple or Android device with Internet access. Click Finish printer registration to complete setup and print a test page.Enter your Google Account username and password and click Sign in, or, if you don't have an account, click Sign up for a new Google Account and follow the on-screen instructions.Select the check box to agree to the Usage Advisory and click Next.If the option still doesn't appear, select the Firmware Update option and follow the on-screen instructions to update your product. Note: If you don't see the Google Cloud Print Services option, turn your product off and back on. Select the Google Cloud Print Services option.Enter the IP address into the address bar of a web browser.Locate your product's IP address on the network status sheet.Connect your device to the same network that your Epson product is using.Note: Make sure your Epson printer and computer are connected to the same network before starting the Google Cloud Print setup. Set up your Epson product for network printing, then follow the instructions below. You can also print from Chromebooks and the Google Chrome browser without drivers or cables. The discontinuation means that Canon inkjet. Overall, I have really liked this printer, despite these two problems, compared to every other printer I have owned, this one is superior, works well 98% of the time, the quality is good enough for my home business and general needs.With a Google Account, you can print from your Apple or Android device to your Epson product. Google has announced that their Google Cloud Print service will no longer be supported after December 31, 2020. I would buy this printer again as you can buy large bottles of ink and refill the ink yourself which saves a lot of money and aggravation. But it was a lot of irritation and nothing in the manuals told me how to switch trays, or that only certain print commands will work. I finally went to a different place to try the print command on my IPad, and it finally printed, but not double sided, even though I wanted double sided. I studied the manuals and the internet for half an hour without success. I turned the printer off and on, I read the manuals, I tried canceling and printing again. It refused to acknowledge that there was paper in the tray. Today I spent half an hour trying to get it to print from the front tray again. No big deal, I figured that I just need to learn more. The print was fine for my purposes (granddaughter photo), except that I couldn't get the right size photo and it cropped off her feet in a way that I didn't want. Then I decided to print a photo from the rear tray instead of the front cassette tray. I bought this printer a few months ago and it was pretty easy to set up and use. As I stated before, I am now an expert living in Europe, so it’s crucial that I print and scan documents so that the local government, can have all the documents that they demand… (that aren’t even necessary smh…). Typically I do not give reviews on random utility apps but this one works extremely well. I am using an iPhone 12 Pro MAX, and I understand that that is a flagship phone, but it works perfectly on this device and therefore on other iOS devices it should work just the same as long as your iOS is updated to the latest version. This application works amazing, and if you have an issue with it, it’s most likely user error, or some form of weird bug or strange fluke with the device you’re using. I have influenced multiple companies to spend thousands of dollars on particular tools due to the applications associated with the tools and how they work. And this is coming from someone that professionally finds flaws with applications and mechanical items. Once I set it up to the Wi-Fi, and set it up to my phone I found this app. well much to my surprise, these days even the cheapest Canon printer works really well. So I purchased the cheapest canon printer I could. I just moved to Europe, and I needed a printer that would work but I did not want to break the bank. Print from your phone to any network printer effortlessly. Print pdfs, documents, photos, and more directly from your mobile device to any printer. Experience the power of wireless printing with our top-rated Android app. Finally, an App that WORKS - 6 out of 5!! Make any network/USB/bluetooth printer Smart Printer. 11/11/2023 0 Comments Photo collage video makerIf you don’t like the features offered by the above methods, you should try third-party photo-editing apps that let you layer photos to make a collage. Choose from over 100+ stickers and search for more stickers on the internet right from the app.5.Save high resolution HD photos to your phone's gallery, or hi-res MP4 videos.Add photos and videos from your gallery, camera or from the web.Many photo sources use pictures from your camera, social networks, or search the web for images. It is also easy to use, yet highly powerful and has many options to customize and make it personal. Scoompa Video Collage Maker is especially for Android users to create video collage, though it has the iOS version. Scoompa Video Collage Maker - Friendly Picture Video Editor (Android/iOS) With the latest update for iOS, you can add video clips to the collages.Ĥ.Further customize the picture collage with the exclusive stickers, colorful backgrounds and personal text messages.Share photo collages on social media, or print at home with the touch of a button by connecting to wireless printer.Download the powerful app for editing photos, making free cards, and creating photo collages. It is able to find the perfect photos by using the powerful web search feature and add to your creations. PicCollage, the Picture Collage Maker for iOS and Android users, features new seasonal stickers, backgrounds, and templates. PicCollage - Party with your photos (iOS/Android) Apply various filters or add text of your choice.ģ.Adjust the aspect ratio, change the background, set contrast/brightness.Apply a color or texture to the frame and add stickers or other optional decorative elements. It's so easy to use and just a few minutes you can have your new creation completely ready. PhotoGrid is Collage Maker for Pictures and Videos on Android device or iPhone/iPad, which helps you combine several images into just one and provide different styles & effects to create the perfect result. PhotoGrid - Video & Pic Collage Maker, Photo Editor (Android/iOS) It has two versions to support for iPhone/iPad/iPod or Android device.Ģ.Add multi-collage transitions, personal watermark, branded logo and music to drive more engagement.Create photo video collages with a variety of frame ratios including 1:1, 2:3, 3:2, 4:3, 3:4, and 16:9 ratios.Impress your friends with a dazzling gallery of moving pictures from someone's wedding or your last pub crawl, using this simple, yet effective tool for getting creative videos and photos on your phone. PicPlayPost is an easy-to-use vertical Picture and Video Collage Creator that helps you turn photos, pictures, clips, live photos, GIFs, videos and music into an amazing long form slideshow, montage, meme or video collage. PicPlayPost - Movie Video Editor (iOS/Android) Top 4 Picture Video Collage Maker apps for iPhone and Android 1. You can create spectacular videos, even if you don't have any movie-making experience. The Picture Video Collage Creator software has no complicated settings, just intuitive drag-and-drop controls. Cut and join video clips with zero quality loss, apply effects and filters, add music, titles, and much more. Besides, you are allowed to improve video quality with Video Enhancer, or manually adjust color parameters like brightness, contrast, saturation, etc. If you want to make a fancy collage from a bunch of videos on computer, Aiseesoft Video Converter Ultimate may be one of the best choice for you. Video Converter Ultimate - Powerful Photo Video Collage Maker softwareĪiseesoft Video Converter Ultimate is also friendly Photo and Video Collage Maker software for Windows or Mac PC users. Click on the "Animation Magic" icon and your collage is now both static and animated, with newly added trajectories and effects. Step-by-step to make picture and video collage with Kizoa Collage MakerĬustomize the collage by changing the backgrounds, adding text, shuffling photos, adding shapes, etc. The collage templates are really creative and gorgeous, which make creating a beautiful collage much easier. There are more than 100 templates in Kizoa such as Christmas, new year, spring, graduation, holiday, love & marriage, and more. It can easily change live photos into video. The most enticing feature of Kizoa Collage Maker for Pictures and Videos is the ability to add animation for changing the static one into your collages, and of course is a great place to create animated collage.īesides, it has a wide support of image formats, like JPEG, PNG, even the live photos on iPhone. It allows you to create photo collages and movies directly in your browser. Kizoa Collage Maker is a web-based Photo Video Editing online application for making picture and video collage. Kizoa Collage Maker - Free online Movie/Video/Slideshow Maker Then, download and share it directly to any social network. After uploading the media file, you can just click CREATE! to generate your free final video. The auditory feedback loop is a complex process that involves multiple stages of sound perception and processing.Ĭentral auditory system dysfunction can disrupt the auditory feedback loop and lead to APD and ANSD.Ĭochlear hair cells in the inner ear convert sound waves into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brainstem.Ĭochlear hair cells are essential for the initial processing of sound and can be damaged by noise exposure or aging. The auditory feedback loop involves the transmission of sound from the outer ear to the brain. How Does the Auditory Feedback Loop Impact APD and ANSD? Step – Disrupted communication between ear and brain – Abnormal neural responses to sound stimuli What Sound Processing Difficulties are Associated with Auditory Processing Disorder and Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder? Step Premature birth complications, infections during pregnancy, ototoxic medications, traumatic brain injury, noise exposure, autoimmune disorders, metabolic disorders, tumors in auditory pathway, viral infections affecting hearing, chemotherapy-induced hearing loss Premature birth complications, infections during pregnancy, genetic mutations, traumatic brain injury, noise exposure, autoimmune disorders, metabolic disorders, tumors in auditory pathway, viral infections affecting hearing, chemotherapy-induced hearing loss What are the Causes of Hearing Impairment in Auditory Processing Disorder and Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder? StepĪbnormal hair cell function and malformation of inner ear The Importance of Audiological Evaluation for Diagnosing APD vs ANSD. What is the Role of the Central Auditory System in APD vs ANSD?.How Does the Auditory Feedback Loop Impact APD and ANSD?.What Sound Processing Difficulties are Associated with Auditory Processing Disorder and Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder?.What are the Causes of Hearing Impairment in Auditory Processing Disorder and Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder?.Increased awareness and advocacy can lead to better understanding, support, and resources for individuals with APD and ANSD. Treatment for ANSD may include cochlear implants, hearing aids, and auditory brainstem implants.Įarly intervention and individualized treatment plans can improve outcomes for individuals with APD and ANSD.ĪPD and ANSD are often misunderstood and misdiagnosed, leading to a lack of support and accommodations for affected individuals. Treatment for APD may include auditory training, environmental modifications, and assistive listening devices. Seek an audiologic evaluation for diagnosis.Īn audiologic evaluation can help diagnose APD and ANSD by assessing hearing sensitivity, speech recognition, and sound processing abilities.ĭelayed diagnosis and treatment can lead to academic and social difficulties for individuals with APD and ANSD. ANSD risk factors include premature birth, low birth weight, and jaundice. ANSD symptoms include difficulty recognizing speech sounds, inconsistent hearing loss, and abnormal auditory feedback loop.ĪPD risk factors include a family history of hearing difficulties, premature birth, and exposure to loud noises. ANSD is often associated with cochlear nerve damage or dysfunction in the central auditory system.ĪPD symptoms include difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments, trouble following directions, and a tendency to misunderstand jokes or sarcasm. Understand the difference between Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) and Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD).ĪPD is a condition where the brain has difficulty processing sounds, while ANSD is a condition where the neural transmission of sound from the inner ear to the brain is disrupted.ĪPD can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, head injury, and chronic ear infections. Discover the surprising differences between Auditory Processing Disorder and Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder in this neuroscience tips blog post. For these reasons, Path 4 in Figure 15.1 is shown grayed-out.īecause there are three practical paths to produce fissile material, there is no single path or single activity that is mandatory for a nuclear weapons program, including nuclear testing, which makes detecting illicit proliferation more difficult. This process is rarely used because thorium (Th) as a nuclear fuel is less efficient than either natural uranium in a heavy-water reactor or low-enriched uranium in a light-water reactor.Īdditionally, the uranium-233 produced is less efficient as a fissile material than plutonium. A fourth possible path uses a thorium-fueled reactor producing uranium-233 as the fissile material (Path 4). The spent fuel is reprocessed to extract the fissile plutonium from the other materials in the spent fuel, and the plutonium is fabricated into a fissile component (Path 3). 2 The reactor converts a small portion of the nuclear fuel to the fissile material plutonium. A third possible path is to run a sufficiently large light-water reactor (LWR) with low-enriched uranium (LEU) as the reactor’s nuclear fuel. The extracted plutonium is put through a fabrication process to create a fissile component (Path 2). The spent fuel is reprocessed to extract the fissile plutonium from the other materials in the spent fuel. The reactor’s operation process converts a small portion of the nuclear fuel to the fissile material plutonium (Pu). A second possible path is to run a sufficiently large heavy-water reactor (HWR) with natural uranium as the reactor’s nuclear fuel. The enrichment process produces weapons-grade highly enriched uranium (WG-HEU) as the fissile material, which is put through a fabrication process to create a fissile component. The first path to a fissile component is to use an enrichment process with natural uranium (NU) as the basic material to be transformed into fissile material, shown as Path 1 in Figure 15.1. It also lists the required 1 major non-fissile components that must be developed and produced in a process called weaponization.įigure 15.1 Paths to Attain a Nuclear Weapons Development Program Figure 15.1 shows four basic paths to produce fissile material and then a fissile component. Nuclear Weapons Development ProgramĪny nation that desires to successfully develop a nuclear weapon must engage in two essential activities: 1) a process to produce fissile material and from that a fissile component, and 2) a process to develop and produce all of the non-fissile (non-nuclear) components required to produce a nuclear weapon. This chapter describes nuclear weapon development and includes: nuclear fuel-cycle basic principles of nuclear engineering and the process to develop, produce, and weaponize a nuclear program. Analyzing a proliferant nation’s weapons development program and its ability to produce nuclear weapons capabilities depends on understanding the nuclear fuel cycle and how it relates to the major activities required to produce a nuclear weapon. Other nations prefer to hide their proliferation activities until they have produced usable weapons. Some nations prefer to advertise their intent to develop nuclear weapons. History shows that most proliferating nations rely on their own nuclear weapons development programs to produce the essential components for a nuclear weapon. Approximately one third of the energy produced by a thermal power reactor comes from fission of this plutonium.There is a close relationship between the technology and infrastructure necessary for a nation to produce nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and those necessary to produce nuclear weapons. It is important to realize that while the U-235 in the fuel assembly of a thermal reactor is undergoing fission, some of the fertile U-238 present in the assembly is also absorbing neutrons to produce fissile Pu-239. Cooling towers are also employed with coal and natural gas plants. Finally, the most obvious components of many nuclear power plants are the cooling towers, the external components, which provide cool water for condensing the steam to water for recycling into the containment structure. The containment structure, composed of thick concrete and steel, inhibits the release of radiation in case of an accident and also secures components of the reactor from potential intruders. The pressure vessel, made of heavy-duty steel, holds the reactor core containing the fuel assembly, control rods, moderator, and coolant. |
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